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Indigenismo in Mexico
(詳細はIndigenismo is a Latin American nationalist political ideology that began in the late nineteenth century and persisted throughout the twentieth that attempted to construct the role of indigenous populations in the nation-state. The ideology was particularly influential in Mexico where it shaped the majority of indigenous-state relations since its incorporation into the Constitution in 1917. While the perspectives and methods of Indigenistas changed and adapted over time, the defining features of Mexican Indigenismo are the implementation by primarily non-indigenous actors, the celebration of indigenous culture as a part of the nation's history, and the attempt to integrate indigenous populations under the authority of the nation-state. The ideology was enacted by a number of policies, institutions, governmental programs, and through artistic expression. These included education programs, land reform, political reform, and economic development as well as national displays of indigenous heritage. Although generally viewed as beneficial for creating a platform to discussing indigenous issues, Indigenismo still operated under colonial paradigms of racial hierarchy and often helped solidify some stereotypes of Indigenous people even while trying to break down others.
== Post-Revolutionary Indigenismo ==
The Mexican Indigenismo movement began after the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920. Prior to the revolution, under the presidency of Porfirio Diaz, policy makers were influenced by Social Darwinism and thinkers such as Herbert Spencer and therefore saw white European ethnicity as superior and sought to build the nation towards a European model.〔 Porfirian state development policies included dispossessing rural lands, including many indigenous lands, collective indigenous groups being integrated by coercion, and instituting rural education aimed at creating a reliable workforce. During the aftermath of the revolution the new government incorporated Indigenismo as an official ideology into the 1917 Constitution, which claimed to strive for the emancipation of previously exploited Indigenous peoples through integration into the Mexican state.〔
Mexican Indigenismo policies were influenced largely by Mexican Anthropologist Manuel Gamio. In his 1915 book Forjando Patria (Forging a Nation) he advocated for the study of indigenous groups in order to determine which cultural traits to preserve and which to improve in order to create a unified nationalist state〔 Gamino stated that indigenous people have the same intellectual capability and that their perceived cultural inferiority is a product of their history of oppression and current disadvantaged environment. With improved education and living conditions, he believed indigenous groups would accept acculturation and "embrace contemporary culture"
While the first decade of revolutionary presidencies of Venustiano Carranza (1917–1920), Adolfo de la Huerta (1920), Álvaro Obregón (1920–1924), and Plutarco Elías Calles (1924–1928) saw the start of change in terms of improving education and land reform these administrations still saw indigenous populations as an obstacle to progress and their policies were geared towards modernizing and improving indigenous populations to fit into civilized national culture.〔 Calles distributed 3,045,802 hectares to over 300,000 people living in rural areas, many of them indigenous. However, much of this land was not well suited for agriculture or even non-arable. It is debated whether Calles' land redistribution was done for concern for the well being of rural citizens or used as a tool to gain political support from rural areas.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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